Effects of Length of Pasture Access on Energy Use by Growing Meat Goats

T. Berhan^1,2, R. Puchala¹, T. Sahlu¹, R.C. Merkel¹, A.L. Goetsch¹*

¹E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research
Langston University
P.O. Box 730, Langston, Oklahoma, 73050, USA

²Department of Animal Sciences
Alemaya University
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

(Received May 26, 2005; accepted June 18, 2005)

Abstract

Berhan, T., Puchala, R., Sahlu, T., Merkel, R.C. and Goetsch, A.L. 2005. Effects of length of pasture access on energy use by growing meat goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 1-7.

Six Boer x Spanish wethers (21 ± 1.0 kg initial BW and 7 to 8 months of age) were used in two simultaneous 3 x 3 Latin squares to determine effects of different lengths of access to pasture with moderate to high mass of forage of high nutritive value on energy expenditure (EE), recovered energy (RE), metabolizable energy (ME) intake and grazing activities. Wethers grazed a 0.7 ha pasture of a mixture of cool season forages in the fall/winter period for 4 (12.00 to 16.00 h), 8 (08.00 to 16.00 h) or 24 h; 4 and 8 h wethers were confined as a group in an enclosed facility at other times. Periods were at least 18 d in length, with 4 d for total feces collection in bags, 2 d to measure heart rate (HR) and grazing behavior and 1 d without feed or water for assessing body composition from urea space and shrunk BW. EE was based on HR and the predetermined ratio of EE:HR for each wether, and ME intake was the sum of EE and RE. Forage DM mass was 1985, 2016, 1634 and 1000 kg/ha at the beginning of period 1 and end of periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Hand-plucked forage samples averaged 22% crude protein and 39% neutral detergent fiber (dry matter basis). EE was greatest (P < 0.05) for 24 h of pasture access (4.96, 5.13 and 6.19 MJ/d; SE = 0.253), although RE was similar among treatments (0.88, 2.16 and 1.57 MJ/d for 4, 8 and 12 h, respectively; SE = 0.361). Intake of ME was greater for 8 and 24 h vs 4 h (5.84, 7.30 and 7.76 MJ/d for 4, 8 and 24 h, respectively; SE = 0.530). As length of pasture access increased, number of steps (2.51, 4.57 and 6.41 x 1000), time spent ruminating (4.42, 6.33 and 7.28 h) and time eating (3.77, 6.35 and 7.24 h) increased (P < 0.05) and idle time (15.81, 11.32 and 9.48 h) decreased (P < 0.05), whereas time lying was greater (P < 0.05) for 4 and 8 vs 24 h (8.39, 8.25 and 6.66 h for 4, 8 and 24 h, respectively; SE = 0.161). In conclusion, with moderate to high mass of forage of high nutritive value, limited pasture access of a minimal length could yield performance by growing meat goats at least comparable to that with continuous access.

Key words: Goats, grazing, energy expenditure.

Effect of Intracerebroventricular Injection of L-pipecolic Acid on GABA Concentrations in Brain Sites of Neonatal Chicks

T. Takagi¹, Y-H. Choi², T. Tachibana¹, D.M. Denbow³, M. Furuse^1*

¹Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources
Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences
Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

²Department of Animal & Dairy Science
University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30602, USA

³Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306, USA

(Received March 1,, 2005; accepted July 2, 2005)

Abstract

Takagi, T., Choi, Y-H., Tachibana, T., Denbow, D.M. and Furuse, M. 2005. Effect of intracerebroventricular injection of L-pipecolic acid on GABA concentrations in brain sites of neonatal chicks. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 9-13.

L-pipecolic acid (L-PA) is a major metabolic intermediate of L-lysine in the mammalian and chicken brain, which enhances g-amino butyric acid (GABA) release and inhibits GABA re-uptake. Our previous study showed that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of L-PA suppressed feeding and induced sleep-like behavior in neonatal chicks. These behaviors which are associated with the GABA system, suggest a link between L-PA and GABA. The present study was designed to determine GABA concentrations in several chick brain sites after i.c.v. injection of L-PA. Unexpectedly, L-PA tended to decrease GABA concentrations in all brain sites tested except for the pons-medulla oblongata and the decrease was largest in the optic lobe. These results, taken together with previous findings, support a link between i.c.v. L-PA and extracellular GABA concentrations.

Key words: L-pipecolic acid, brain, GABA, chick.

Effect of Trichlorfon (Neguvon) Against Sarcoptes scabiei var canis

A.A. Sarchahi*

Department of Clinical Studies
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shiraz
P.O. Box 71345-1731, Shiraz, Iran

(Received November 2, 2004 ; accepted June 3, 2005)

Abstract

Sarchahi, A.A. 2005. Effect of trichlorfon (Neguvon) against Sarcoptes scabiei var canis. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 15-16.

Trichlorfon (Neguvon®, Bayer AG, Leverkusen) was evaluated for its effect on naturally occurring infestations of Sarcoptes scabiei in 16 dogs. A 0.1% concentration of trichlorfon was applied as a wash once a week for 4 weeks. All treated dogs were cleared of mites and returned to clinical normality after 4 treatments. The miticide was well tolerated by all dogs.

Key words: Canine scabies, dog, Sarcoptes scabiei, trichlorfon.

Effect of Xylanase and Protease on the Performance of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Corn-Based Diets

P.A. Thacker*

Department of Animal Science
University of Saskatchewan
51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
S7N 5A8 Canada

(Received December 6, 2004; accepted June 16, 2005)

Abstract

Thacker, P.A. 2005. Effect of xylanase and protease on the performance of growing-finishing pigs fed corn-based diets. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 17-23.

Two experiments were conducted to determine if the performance of growing-finishing pigs fed corn-based diets is improved by enzyme supplementation. In experiment one, 72 crossbred pigs (32 castrates and 40 gilts) were fed one of the two corn-canola meal based diets, identical in composition except that one diet contained 0.12% of an enzyme cocktail (750 b-glucanase units and 650 xylanase units per gram). In experiment two, 64 crossbred pigs (32 castrates and 32 gilts) were assigned to one of the four corn-soybean meal based diets including an unsupplemented control diet, a diet supplemented with xylanase (200 g/tonne containing 1250 units/g of xylanase and 385 units/g of b-glucanase), a diet supplemented with protease (200 g/tonne containing 400 units/g of protease, 150 units/g of soybean meal hydrolytic activity, 360 units/g of xylanase and 165 units/g of b-glucanase) or a diet supplemented with the two enzymes in combination (125 g/tonne xylanase and 75 g/tonne protease). The addition of the enzymes did not alter (P>0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein or energy. There was no effect (P>0.05) on weight gain, feed intake or carcass traits. However, during the growing period only, feeding xylanase significantly (P<0.05) improved feed conversion. It is concluded that there is little justification for the routine inclusion of these enzymes in corn-based diets fed to swine.

Key words: Corn, pigs, xylanase, protease, performance, digestibility, carcass traits.

Synchronization of Estrus in Fat Tailed Sheep Using Melengestrol Acetate (MGA) in the Breeding Season

C.A. Gimenez Diaz, E. Emsen^*, F. Koycegiz, B. Emsen,
M. Yaprak, M. Kutluca

Department of Animal Science
Ataturk University
25240 Erzurum-Turkey

(Received March 3, 2005; accepted August 16, 2005)

Abstract

Gimenez Diaz, C.A., Emsen, E., Koycegiz, F., Emsen, B., Yaprak, M. and Kutluca, M. 2005. Synchronization of estrus in fat tailed sheep using melengestrol acetate (MGA) in the breeding season. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 25-27.

To assess the effectiveness of MGA in synchronizing oestrus sixty-eight Awassi and Redkaraman ewes were group-fed a diet either containing MGA (0.25 mg/ewe/d for 9d) or no MGA. At the end of the MGA feeding regime, ewes were exposed to one ram per group. The percentage of ewes exhibiting estrus within a 6 d period following withdrawal of MGA was significantly higher (P<0.05) for treated (80%) compared to the control ewes (45%). Number of lambs born per ewe lambing and fertility of ewes were not affected by treatment. It was concluded that MGA is effective to synchronize estrus in fat tailed Awassi and Redkaraman sheep in breeding season.

Key words: MGA, fat tailed sheep, fertility, fecundity, estrus, Awassi, Redkaraman.

Ferula eleaochytris Powder Effect in Layer Diet on Feed Intake and Some Egg Parameters Using a Multivariate Analysis Method for Repeated Measures

S. Sahinler¹, A. Sahin², O. Gorgulu³

^1,3Biometry and Genetics Unit

²Animal Nutrition and Physiology Unit

Department of Animal Science
Agriculture Faculty
University of Mustafa Kemal
31034, Hatay, Turkey

(Revised received on November 1, 2004; accepted July 10, 2005)

Abstract

Sahinler, S., Sahin, A. and Gorgulu, O. 2005. Ferula eleaochytris powder effect in layer diet on feed intake and some egg parameters using a multivariate analysis method for repeated measures. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 29-33.

A study was carried out to test the effect of Ferula eleaochytris root powder (FE) on feed intake and some egg parameters of laying hens by using the multivariate test for repeated measures. FE treatment affected fresh egg shell weight (P<0.05), dry egg shell weight (P<0.01) and consequently lowered shell thickness (P<0.01) even though FE2 treatment increased feed intake (P<0.05). Egg weight, egg albumen weight, egg yolk weight and egg production were not affected by FE treatment (P>0.05). FE appears to have a negative effect on calcium absorption from gastro-intestinal tract.

Key words: Ferula eleaochytris, poultry, repeated measures, multivariate analysis, egg parameters.

Seasonal Trends in Chemical Composition and Digestion of Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf

R.G. Ramírez¹, H. González-Rodríguez², G. García-Dessommes³,
R. Morales-Rodríguez¹

¹Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
Apartado Postal 142, Sucursal F.
San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., 66451, México

²Facultad de Ciencias Forestales
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Km 12.5 Carr. Linares-Cd.
Victoria, Linares, N.L., México

³Investigador del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP)
General, Terán, N.L., México

(Revised received March 3, 2005; accepted June 20, 2005)

Abstract

Ramírez, R.G., González-Rodríguez, H., García-Dessommes, G. and Morales-Rodríguez, R. 2005. Seasonal trends in chemical compostion and digestion of Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 35-40.

Nutritive value and rumen digestion of total plant, leaves and stems of Dichanthium annulatum were seasonally estimated. Male rumen fistulated Pelibuey x Rambouillet sheep, fed alfalfa hay, were used to incubate nylon bags. The crude protein (CP) content was higher in spring and lower in winter (P<0.05). It was higher (P<0.05) in leaves than stems. The cell wall (CW) and its components (hemicellulose, cellulose), insoluble ash and lignin were lower (P<0.05) in spring and higher in winter and were higher (P>0.05) in stems than in leaves. Dry matter, CP and CW of D. annulatum were digested, by rumen microbes in sheep, to a greater (P<0.05) extent during spring and than in winter. Higher (P<0.05) nutrient digestion was observed in leaves than in stems. In general, during spring mineral contents were higher and lower in winter. During spring when precipitation was high (417 mm out of 613 mm), nutrient content was higher than that in other seasons. Results suggest that except in winter, D. annulatum can be used in all seasons as a good source of nutrients for grazing beef cattle.

Keywords: Total plant, leaves, stems, Dichanthium annulatum, chemical composition, degradability of nutrients.

Partial Genomic Sequence of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ITGB2 Gene

S.K. Niranjan, S.M. Deb¹, Abhijit Mitra, Deepak Sharma,
Ajay Sharma, Arjava Sharma

Animal Genetics Division
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar-243 122, India

(Revised received June 3, 2005; accepted July 2, 2005)

Abstract

Niranjan, S.K., Deb, S.M., Mitra, A., Sharma, D., Sharma, A and Sharma A. 2005. Partial genomic sequence of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ITGB2 gene. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 41-43.

A fragment of 367 bp corresponding to parts of fifth and sixth exons flanking intron five of ITGB2 was amplified in river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). The Taq I-RFLP analysis showed the absence of BLAD (D128G) allele in the buffalo population studied. The sequence data of the amplicon, first report on buffalo ITGB2, was submitted to Genbank. Single nucleotide changes at seven places in fifth exon of buffalo ITGB2 led to substitution of Val¹⁴⁰ and Asp¹⁵⁹ and creation of one Msp I site.

Key words: Buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, ITGB2, ß₂ integrin, partial sequence, BLAD.

Effect of Different Diets on Growth of Blackmoli (Poecilia latipinna) Larvae

Nazmi Tekelioglu, Mehmet Uslu, Oya Isik

Faculty of Fishery Sciences
Çukurova University
Adana 01330, Turkey

(Received October 3, 2004; accepted June 4, 2005)

Abstract

Tekelioglu, N., Uslu, M. and Isik, O. 2005. Effect of different diets on growth of Blackmoli (Poecilia latipinna) larvae. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 45-47.

Performance of Blackmoli (Poecilia latipinna) larvae were tested using four different types of foods. Larvae (1 wk, 19.8±0.87 mg) were fed microalgae Spirulina, rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, Artemia and an artificial diet. At the end of 21 days of culture period the best performance in the form of liveweight gain and survival rate of larvae was observed on Spirulina diet.

Key words: Blackmoli, larvae, feeding, live feed, Spirulina.

Effect of Ionophore Supplementation and Trenbolone Implant on Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Lambs

J. Salinas-Chavira^1*, L. A. García-Barrera¹, H. Cruz-Bautista¹,
M.F. Montaño-Gómez², J. F. Calderón-Cortés²

¹Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
Apartado Postal 263. Carretera Cd. Victoria-Cd. Mante km 6.5
Cd. Victoria, Tam. 87000, México

²Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California.
J. Carrillo y Obregón, Col. Nueva, Mexicali, B.C. 21100, México

(Received December 6, 2004; accepted July 26, 2005)

Abstract

Salinas-Chavira, J., García-Barrera, L. A., Cruz-Bautista, H., Montaño-Gómez, M. F. and Calderón-Cortés, J. F. 2005. Effect of ionophore supplementation and trenbolone implant on growth and carcass characteristics of lambs. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 49-52.

To study the effect of ionophore (monensin) and trenbolone implant on feedlot lamb growth performance (60 d) and carcass characteristics, 18 intact males (Pelibuey x Dorper 19.9±2.25 kg) were housed in individual pens and assigned to 3 treatments viz. T1: no additive nor implant (control), T2: basal diet (14% CP and 2.6 Mcal/kg ME) with ionophore (25 ppm sodium monensin) supplementation and T3: T2 plus implant (35 mg of trenbolone acetate + 5 mg of 17-b estradiol). No differences (P>0.05) were found among treatments for daily dry matter intake, daily weight gain, feed efficiency and subcutaneous fat. Longissimus dorsi area was similar in T2 and T3 (P>0.05) but higher than that in T1 (P<0.05). Ionophore alone or with implant did not improve feedlot lamb performance (P<0.05) or subcutaneous fat, but had beneficial effect on Longissimus dorsi area. Implant in addition to ionophore did not cause any further improvement.

Key words: Ionophore, implant, carcass characteristics, growth performance, lambs.

Effect of Honey Treatment on Some Quality Characteristics of Broiler Breast Meat

Banu Yücel, Alper Önenç, Hakan Bayraktar, Zümrüt Aç2kgöz, Özge Altan

Department of Animal Science
Faculty of Agriculture
Agean Universirty
35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

(Recieved October 23,2004; accepted May 5, 2005)

Abstract

Yücel, B., Önenç, A., Bayraktar, H., Aç2kgöz, Z. and Altan, Ö. 2005. Effect of honey treatment on some quality characteristics of broiler breast meat. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 53-56.

Breast meats of 12 broilers (Ross-308) were used to determine the effect of marination with honey water mixture (0, 20, 30% v/v) on their meat quality and bacterial activity. Treated meats were preserved at 4C for 7 days in vacuume. Drip loss, pH level and marinate uptake did not change significantly in breast meats marinated with different levels of honey and without honey. Marination with honey did not significantly affect the L*(brightness) and a*(redness) values of breast meats on 1st and 7th days of treatment. However, b* (yellowness) values were significantly affected by honey treatment. After 7th day, no significant differences were obtained for tenderness, flavor and acceptability between treatment and the control groups. Breast meats marinated with honey showed a slight decrease in bacterial number compared to control group after 4th day. It is indicated that honey marination might be considered as a means of limiting bacterial growth in broiler meat without any adverse effect on meat quality and sensory characteristics.

Key words: Broiler breast meat, marination, honey.

Effect of Analgesia of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint in Horses with Lameness Caused by Solar Pain

Kamran Sardari^*, Hossain Kazemi¹, Mehrdad Mohri

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Mashhad 91775-1714, Iran

¹Department of Surgery
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Tehran University
Tehran 14155-6453, Iran

(Received November 18, 2004; accepted August 16, 2005)

Abstract

Sardari, K., Kazemi, H. and Mohri, M. 2005. Effect of analgesia of the metacarpophalangeal joint in horses with lameness caused by solar pain. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 57-59.

It has been shown that pain originating from the dorsal margin of the sole of the hoof in horses can be attenuated by analgesia of either the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, navicular bursa (NB) or palmar digital nerves (PD). To show this effect when anaesthetic solution was injected in to the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) an experimental lameness was induced in the toe region of the left forelimb in 6 adult horses. After this, synovial structures of the MCP joint were blocked and the effects on the lameness were semi-quantitatively scored. Lameness scores were high after application of the screws and remained high after the administration of saline as well as local anaesthetic into the MCP joint. It is concluded that analgesia of the MCP joint can not attenuate lameness due to pain arising from the toe region of the sole.

Key words: Horse, toe region of sole, metacarpophalangeal joint, analgesia.

DNA Polymorphism of DRB 3.2 Locus and its Association with Serum Lysozyme in Rathi Cattle (Bos indicus)

Amit Kumar Sharma, Bharat Bhushan^*, Pushpendra Kumar,
Deepak Sharma^**, V. K. Saxena^**, Arjava Sharma, Satish Kumar^***

Animal Genetics Division
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar-243 122, India

(Received December 1, 2004; accepted June 30, 2005)

Abstract

Sharma, A.K., Bhushan, B., Kumar, P., Sharma, D., Saxena, V.K., Sharma, A. and Kumar, S. 2005. DNA polymorphism of DRB 3.2 locus and its association with serum lysozyme in Rathi cattle (Bos indicus). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 61-64.

Genetic polymorphism study of DRB 3.2 alleles was conducted in Rathi cattle to find out its association with serum lysozyme using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The digestion of 284 bp fragment with HaeIII resolved three restriction sites, resulting into three restriction patterns with major fragment of sizes as 135, 104, 45; 142 and 142; 180 and 104 bp with frequencies of 0.79, 0.15 and 0.07, respectively. The genotype HaeIII-aa had the highest frequency (0.57) followed by HaeIII-ab (0.29) and HaeIII-ac (0.14). Serum lysozyme level ranged from 0.33 to 6.62 µg/ml with young and adult age groups showing higher levels. Mean serum lysozyme levels in the animals belonged to the HaeIII-aa, HaeIII-ab and HaeIII-ac genotypes were 3.21, 3.92 and 4.91 µg/ml, respectively. The mean serum lysozyme level was also found comparatively higher in the animals belonging to heterozygote genotypes (HaeIII-ab and HaeIII-ac) as compared to the homozygote genotype (HaeIII-aa).

Key words: DRB3 gene, PCR-RFLP, serum lysozyme, Rathi, cattle.

Effect of Melatonin on Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo

Ô. Beydemir¹, ¤. Gülçin¹, O. Hisar^2*, Ö.¤. Küfrevio™lu¹, T. Yan2k²

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science
²Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture
University of Atatürk
25240 Erzurum, Turkey

(Received December 9, 2004; accepted July 7, 2005)

Abstract

Beydemir, Ô. Gülçin, ¤., Hisar, O., Küfrevio™lu, Ö.¤. and Yan2k, T. 2005. Effect of melatonin on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 65-68.

The in vitro and in vivo effects of melatonin on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were investigated. G6PD was purified with a specific activity of 16.7 EU/mg protein and 1,852-folds in a yield of 60.6% by using ammonium sulphate precipitation and 2',5'-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity gel. In vitro studies showed that G6PD enzyme activity increased up to 0.22 mM melatonin concentration and was inhibited at higher levels. In vivo studies showed that though initial G6PD activity was 8.33±1.13 EU g^-1 Hb, it was inhibited (P<0.05) 3h after injection of 10 mg kg^-1 melatonin. It is recommended that intramuscular dose of melatonin for rainbow trout should be less than 0.22 mM.

Key words: Blood, fish, antioxidant, inhibition, oxidative stress, G6PD.

Effect of Meat Processing on Genomic DNA Quality and Specific Gene Amplification

Neha Sharma¹, S.S. Thind¹, Deepak Sharma²

Genome Mapping Laboratory
Central Avian Research Institute
Izatnagar, 243 122, India

(Received December 16, 2004; accepted July 15, 2005)

Abstract

Sharma, N., Thind, S.S. and Sharma, D. 2005. Effect of meat processing on genomic DNA quality and specific gene amplification. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 28: 69-72.

Effect of cooking/processing was studied on quality of genomic DNA extracted from chicken meat and pork as well as on amplification of specific gene i.e. 12S rRNA using DNA as template. Good quality genomic DNA was extracted from raw meat and degraded DNA was obtained from cooked and processed meat, using the same protocol, adopted for raw meat. A 450 bp fragment of 12S rRNA was amplified using genomic DNA extracted from raw meat, cooked meat and commercial meat preparation samples. It suggested that though the cooking and/or processing affected the quality of genomic DNA extracted, it did not affect the amplification of 12S rRNA gene.

Key words : 12S rRNA, cooked meat, genomic DNA, chicken, pork.