Changes in Energy Expenditure by Meat Goats with Varying Levels of Feed Intake Near Maintenance and Below

A. Asmare^1,2, R. Puchala¹, R.C. Merkel¹, T. Sahlu¹, A.L. Goetsch^1,*

¹E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research
Langston University
Langston, OK 73050-730, USA

²Animal Science Department
Alemaya University
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

(Received December 29, 2005; accepted May 4, 2006)

Abstract

Asmare, A., Puchala, R., Merkel, R.C., Sahlu, T. and Goetsch, A.L. 2006. Changes in energy expenditure by meat goats with varying levels of feed intake near maintenance and below. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 81-89.

Eleven yearling meat goat wethers (7/8 Boer and 1/8 Spanish) were used in a 16-week experiment to determine effects of different levels of nutrient restriction and a maintenance level of intake after a severe restriction on energy expenditure (EE). Dehydrated alfalfa pellets were fed throughout the experiment. During the first 4 weeks for adaptation, wethers were fed near maintenance. In weeks 5 to 10, six wethers were fed at approximately 60% of the maintenance level and in weeks 11 to 16 were again fed near maintenance (L-H). The other five wethers were fed at approximately 80 and 60% of maintenance in weeks 5 to 10 and 11 to 16, respectively (M-L). Body weight and EE were measured on the last day of most weeks, with EE determined from heart rate and the previously determined ratio of EE to heart rate for each wether. Body weight differed among weeks but not between treatments (41.0, 41.5, 39.7, 39.5, 38.0, 37.2, 38.0, 37.5, 37.8, 38.8 and 30.3 kg for L-H (SE=1.29) and 38.6, 38.2, 37.2, 37.2, 36.6, 35.0, 36.6, 36.7, 35.9, 35.7 and 36.9 kg (SE=1.41) for M-L in wk 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16, respectively). Energy expenditure, expressed relative to BW at the end of the adaptation period, was 362, 366, 322, 280, 262, 260, 259, 331, 331 and 335 kJ/kg BW^0.75 (SE=11.4) for L-H and 342, 378, 306, 301, 282, 276, 288, 263, 253 and 254 kJ/kg BW^0.75 (SE=14.8) for M-L in weeks 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15, respectively. Retained or recovered energy was different (P<0.05) from 0 for L-H in weeks 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13 and 15 (65, -101, -56, -14, 4, 6, 192, 120, 121 and 117 kJ/kg week 4 BW ^0.75; SE=15.7) and for M-H in weeks 4, 5, 9 and 10 (92, -47, 25, 29, 49, 55, -14, 11, 21 and 20 kJ/kg week 4 BW^0.75 in weeks 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15, respectively; SE=17.3). In conclusion, meat goats can markedly reduce EE in response to limited feed intake, with nonlinear change as time advances.

Key words: Goats, energy, feed intake.

Effect of Centrally Administered Sphingomyelin on
Food Intake and HPA Axis in Chicks

F. Emoto, S. Tomonaga, T. Tachibana, D.M. Denbow¹, M. Furuse^*

Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources
Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences
Kyushu University
Fukuoka, Japan

¹Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306, USA

(Received August 8, 2005; accepted January 26, 2006)

Abstract

Emoto, F., Tomonaga, S., Tachibana, T., Denbow, D.M. and Furuse, M. 2006. Effect of centrally administered sphingomyelin on food intake and HPA axis in chicks. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 91-96.

Sphignomyelin (SM) is an abundant lipid in myelin and its metabolites are well recognized as bioactive substances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functions of SM in the chick brain. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of SM decreased food intake in chicks. No significant changes in plasma corticosterone, glucose, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were detected. Thus anorexia caused by SM injection could be established but its mechanism could not be elucidated.

Key words: Sphingomyelin, food intake, chicks, HPA axis.

Effect of Short-term Treatment with Perindopril, Torsemide and Restricted-sodium Diet in Dogs with Atrioventricular Valvular Insufficiency

A. Caro-Vadillo¹, E. Ynaraja-Ramirez², J.A. Montoya-Alonso²

¹Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science of Madrid
28040-Madrid, Spain

²Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University
35416-Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain

(Revised received December 31, 2005; accepted January 27, 2006)

Abstract

Caro-Vadillo, A., Ynaraja-Ramirez, E. and Montoya-Alonso, J.A. 2006. Effect of short-term treatment with perindopril, torsemide and restricted-sodium diet in dogs with atrioventricular valvular insufficiency. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 105-108.

To evaluate the effects of perindopril, torsemide and a low-sodium diet on clinical response in dogs with moderate congestive heart failure, forty-six dogs with moderate congestive heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health stage II) due to mitral valve disease were taken. During 4 weeks all the patients received 0.2 mg/kg perindopril (Coversyl, Servier) SID, 0.2 mg/kg torsemide (Sutril, Novag) SID and a moderate-sodium diet (k/d, Hill's). The treatment was safe, effective and well-tolerated and no major side-effects were observed. There were no significant changes in measured haematological and biochemical variables, including serum electrolyte concentrations and urinary fractional excretion of electrolytes. At the end of the study, all the patients improved with regard to clinical symptoms. The combined treatment with perindopril, torsemide and a restriction-sodium diet is simple, safe and effective therapeutic option for dogs with congestive heart failure secondary to atrioventricular valvular insufficiency.

Key words: Dog, congestive heart failure, safety, treatment, perindopril, torsemide, sodium.

Oxidative Stress Evaluation During Milking Period in the Ewes

G. Piccione, M. Borruso, F. Fazio, F. Grasso, G. Caola

Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni animali
Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria
Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria
Università degli Studi di Messina
Polo Universitario dell' Annunziata
Messina-98168, Italy

(Revised received March 29, 2006; accepted May 6, 2006)

Abstract

Piccione, G., Borruso, M., Fazio, F., Grasso, F. and Caola, G. 2006. Oxidative stress evaluation during milking period in the ewes. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 109-112.

The role of oxygen free radicals is considered important especially during productive phases in domestic animals. To investigate the effects of the antioxidant mechanisms during different phases of milking and during dry period 5 Valle del Belice ewes were used. Blood samples were taken on days 1, 40 and 200 of milking and during dry period. Serum samples were assessed for antioxidant barrier (Oxy-adsorbent), reactive oxygen species (dROMs) and thiol antioxidant barrier (SHp). Oxidative processes increased (P<0.05) at the end of milking period, together with a compensative response of the organism to this stress and suggest the important role of oxidative status in dairy ewes.

Key words: Oxidative stress, antioxidants, lactation, ewe.

Immune Responses Against Different Inactivated Vaccines of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in Goats

K. Manimaran, V.P. Singh^*, K. Ltu, S. Das, A.A. Kumar, S.K. Srivastava

National Referral Laboratory on Mycoplasma
Division of Bacteriology and Mycology
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar-243 122, India

(Received June 30, 2005; accepted February 10, 2006)

Abstract

Manimaran, K., Singh, V.P., Ltu, K., Das, S., Kumar, A.A. and Srivastava, S.K. 2006. Immune responses against different inactivated vaccines of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 117-120.

The immune response was monitored in goats inoculated with three different types of inactivated vaccines of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri viz., lyophilized saponified whole cell vaccine containing 1 mg (WC1) or 2 mg (WC2) protein along with 3 mg saponin and lyophilized saponified sonicated vaccine containing 2 mg protein along with 3 mg saponin (SS2). The immune response was detected with the help of SAT, IHA, CFT and ELISA tests. Out of the three vaccines, the saponified sonicated M. capri vaccine was found better in eliciting humoral response in comparison to other whole cell vaccines.

Key words: Immune response, vaccine, goats, M. capri.

Survivability, Growth and Body Measurements of Awassi and Tahirova×Awassi (F₁) Lambs

Selim Kul*, Ibrahim Seker, Ozge Yildirim

Department of Zootechny
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey

(Received February 18, 2005; accepted January 31, 2006)

Abstract

Kul, S., Seker, I. and Yildirim, O. 2006. Survivability, growth and body measurements of Awassi and Tahirova×Awassi (F₁) lambs. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 121-124.

This study was undertaken to compare the growth rate, survivability and some body measurements of Awassi and Tahirova (75% East Friesian and 25% Kivircik) x Awassi (F₁) crossbred lambs. The mean body weight of Awassi and crossbred lambs were 4.06 and 4.57 kg at birth, and 14.56 and 19.17 kg (P<0.05) at weaning, respectively. The average survivability until weaning were 90.00% and 78.95% (P<0.01), respectively. The body length of Awassi and crossbred lambs were 64.11 and 66.17 cm; withers height 63.67 and 59.67 cm, pelvic width 23.11 and 25.83 cm (P<0.05), chest circumference 97.89 and 82.00 cm (P<0.01), leg height 34.00 and 31.17 cm (P<0.01), respectively. It may be concluded that Tahirova x Awassi (F₁) lambs had higher body weight but lower survivability especially during weaning period as compared to Awassi lambs.

Key words: East Friesian, Awassi, Tahirova, crossbreeding, growth, body measurements, survivability.

Follicular Dynamics, Ovulation Time and Pregnancy Rate in Bos taurus/Bos indicus Cows Induced to Cyclicity with Norgestomet in the Mexican Humid Tropic

Felipe Montiel^1*, Carlos Galina², Carlos Lamothe¹, Oscar Castañeda¹

¹Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Universidad Veracruzana.Circunvalación s/n Esq. Yañez.
C.P. 91710. Veracruz, México

²Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
México, D.F. México.

(Received March 17, 2005; accepted December 8, 2005)

Abstract

Montiel, F., Galina, C., Lamothe, C. and Castañeda, O. 2006. Follicular dynamics, ovulation time and pregnancy rate in Bos taurus/Bos indicus cows induced to cyclicity with norgestomet in the Mexican humid tropic. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 125-128.

To assess reproductive behaviour in postpartum anoestrous, 48 Bos taurus/Bos indicus cows were randomly allocated in a 2x2x2 factorial design. Factors being: dry and wet season of the year, induced (IO) or subsequent spontaneous oestrus (SO) and feed unsupplemented or supplemented (FS). Oestrus was induced by implanting norgestomet. Oestrus induction and ovulation rates were higher in the dry season and in the IO group (P<0.05). Time of oestrus display after implant removal was shorter in the dry season and in cows without FS (P<0.05). Average time of ovulation after oestrus detection was 25±1.7 h (P>0.05). Pregnancy rate was higher in the dry season (P<0.05). Follicular dynamics was not affected by season of the year, FS and oestrus type (P>0.05). In conclusion, the use of norgestomet for induction of cyclicity improved fertility in the dry but not in the wet season.

Keywords: Bos taurus/Bos indicus, follicular dynamics, norgestomet, ovulation time.

Utilization of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate and Vermiculite for Aflatoxin B₁ Adsorption in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Diets

T. Suppadit^*, S. Jaturasitha¹, N. Pripwai²

Graduate Program in Environmental Management
School of Social and Environmental Development
National Institute of Development Administration
Bangkok 10240, Thailand

(Received June 28, 2005; accepted March 6, 2006)

Abstract

Suppadit, T., Jaturasitha, S. and Pripwai, N. 2006. Utilization of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and vermiculite for aflatoxin B₁ adsorption in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 129-132.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and vermiculite minerals as binder when added to pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets contaminated with aflatoxin B₁. Four treatments consisting balanced diets were as follows: diet 1 as control diet _ free of the toxin and without a binder, diet 2 containing 1% HSCAS and 500 ppb aflatoxin B₁, diet 3 containing 1% vermiculite and 500 ppb aflatoxin B₁ and diet 4 containing 500 ppb aflatoxin B₁ without a binder. It was observed that the average daily gain, feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, survival rate and aflatoxin B₁ residue in tissues were superior in shrimps fed diet 2 and diet 3 compared to that of diet 4 (P<0.05), but the diet 1 was the best. It is concluded that HSCAS and vermiculite were capable of binding some part of the aflatoxin B₁ in the diet of shrimp.

Key words: Shrimp, diet, productive performance, aflatoxin, binder.

Placental Traits in Pen-fed Goats and Goats Kept on Rangeland

M. Mellado^*, L. Olivares, H. Diaz, J.A. Villarreal

University Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro
Department of Nutrition
Saltillo, Coah. 25315, Mexico

(Received July 4, 2005; accepted February 6, 2006)

Abstract

Mallado, M., Olivares, L., Diaz, H. and Villarreal, J.A. 2006. Placental traits in pen-fed goats and goats kept on rangeland. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 133-136.

To determine if rearing conditions (pen vs. extensive grazing) alters placental development, mixed-breed goats were kept either under intensive (n=31) or extensive (n=40) condition in a desert rangeland. Does kept under pen conditions had higher (P<0.01) serum glucose, urea, cholesterol, total proteins and phosphorus values than grazing goats. There was no effect of rearing conditions on kid birth weight, but placentas from nutrient-restricted mothers were 56% heavier (P<0.01) at parturition than pen-fed does. Placentas from the grazing goats had less placentomes and feto-maternal contact area compared to pen-fed goats. Body condition score was significantly correlated with placental weight (r= -0.69) and placenta to birth weight ratio (r= 0.74). These results showed that live weight of offspring born from nutrient-restricted mothers was not compromised, but chronic nutrient deprivation resulted in larger placentas with fewer placentomes.

Key words : Goat, placenta, body condition score, rearing condition.

Effects of Selenium-Vitamin E or Progestagen-PMSG Injections on Reproductive Performance of Ewes

M. Koyuncu^*, Ô. Kara Uzun, Ô. ÖziÕ, H. Yerlikaya

University of Uludag
Faculty of Agriculture
Department of Animal Science
16059, Bursa, Turkey

(Received April 30, 2005; accepted February 7, 2006)

Abstract

Koyuncu, M., Kara Uzun, Ô., ÖziÕ, Ô. and Yerlikaya , H. 2006. Effects of selenium-vitamin E or progestagen-PMSG injections on reproductive performance of ewes. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 137-140.

The experiment was conducted on 120 Karacabey Merino ewes divided into four groups. Two groups consisted of 2-year-old ewes, before their first lambing and two groups of the 3-year-old ewes after the first lambing. Within each age category, one group of ewes was treated with 5 ml 0.1% sodium selenate and 250 mg vitamin E, the other group progestagen sponge + 500 IU PMSG. The progestagen sponge + PMSG treated groups demonstrated oestrus symptoms earlier than the Vit E + Se injected groups. The progestagen sponge + PMSG treated group significantly increased fertility (100%, P<0.01) and prolificacy (146.7%, P<0.01) in 3 year-old ewes compared to other groups. The injections Vit E + Se significantly increased lamb birth weight (4.4 kg, P<0.05) and daily weight gain for 60 days (290.0g, P<0.01) in 3-year-old ewes compared with 2-year-old ewes treated with Vit E + Se and progestagen sponge + PMSG ewes.

Key words: Progestagen, PMSG, vitamin E, Se, Karacabey Merino, ewe.

Effect of an Exogenous Glucoamylase during Different Periods of Time on Performance of Lambs Fed Sorghum Based Diets

H.A. Lee-Rangél¹, G.D. Mendoza^2,3, J.M. Pinos-Rodríguez⁴,
R. Bárcena², F. Plata³, R. Ricalde³

¹Universidad Autónoma Chapingo km 38.5 carretera México-Texcoco
Chapingo, 56230, México

²Colegio de Postgraduados, Programa de Ganadería
Montecillo México, km 36.5 carretera México-Texcoco
Edo. de México, 56230, México

³Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Unidad Xochimilco 04960, México D.F.

⁴Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas
Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi
Altair 200, Fracc. del Llano
San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. 78377, México

(Received April 12, 2005; accepted March 17, 2006)

Abstract

Lee-Rangél, H.A., Mendoza, G.D., Pinos-Rodriguez, J.M., Bárcena, R., Plata, F. and Ricalde, R. 2006. Effect of an exogenous glucoamylase during different periods of time on performance of lambs fed sorghum based diets. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 141-144.

A growth assay was conducted to evaluate the effects of the addition of an exogenous glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger during different periods of time on lamb performance fed a sorghum-based diet. Fifteen Suffolk crossbred lambs (BW 22±2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to the treatments: control diet, addition of glucoamylase during 50 days, or during the last 15 days of the experiment. The average daily gain (kg) and feed conversion were not affected by the treatments. Results indicate that exogenous glucoamylase did not improve digestibility or lamb performance.

Key words: Aspergillus niger, sorghum, enzymes, starch, lambs.

Protection against Listeria monocytogenes by ODN Containing CpG Motifs in BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice

M. Rad^1*, M. Ahmadi¹, R. Farid Hosseini², A.A. Ashkar³, M. Nejati⁴,
B. Tabaraie⁴, D. Nourozian⁴

¹Department of Pathobiology
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Urmia University
P.O.Box 1177, Urmia, Iran

²Department of Allergy and Immunology
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Mashhad, Iran

³Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
Mcmaster University, Health Sciences Centre
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

⁴Department of Bacterial Vaccines
Pasteur Institute of Iran
Karaj, Iran

(Received April 30, 2005; accepted February 2, 2006)

Abstract

Rad, M., Ahmadi, M., Farid Hosseini, R., Ashkar, A.A., Nejati, M., Tabaraie, B. and Nourozian, D. 2006. Protection against Listeria monocytogenes by ODN containing CpG motifs in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 145-147.

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs have been shown to be effective immunoprotective agents in murine models for intracellular bacterial, viral and protozoan infections. In the present study, we demonstrated that CpG-ODN can induce protection against Listeria monocytogenes in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, the survival rate being higher in BALB/c mice. Further studies to determine the cause have been recommended.

Key words: CPG-ODN, Listeria, protection, mice.

Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rate of Embryo Transfer in
Bos indicus and Bos taurus/Bos indicus cows

Felipe Montiel¹*, Carlos Galina², Ivette Rubio³, Manuel Corro³

¹Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Universidad Veracruzana
Circunvalción S/N Esquina Yañez
Código Postal 91710
Veracruz, Ver., Mexico

²Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
Mexico, D.F. Mexico

³Centro para la Enseñanza
Investigación y Extensión en Ganado Tropical
Martinez de la Torre
Veracruz, Mexico

(Received April 12, 2005; accepted March 20, 2006)

Abstract

Montiel, F., Galina, C., Rubio, I. and Corro, M. 2006. Factors affecting pregnancy rate of embryo transfer in Bos indicus and Bos taurus/Bos indicus cows. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 149-152.

The present study was conducted to determine the factors affecting pregnancy rate after embryo transfer (ET) in cows from the tropics. Zebu (n=105, Experiment I) and Bos taurus/Bos indicus (n=110, Experiment II) potential recipients of embryos were synchronised with a norgestomet implant and received feed supplementation. In both experiments, recipients were divided in two groups: 1) subsequent spontaneous oestrus (SSO) and 2) synchronised oestrus (SO). At ET, recipients of Experiment I (n=50) and II (n=47) were transferred with a single frozen-thawed, in vitro fertilised F1 (Holstein/Zebu) embryo. Pregnancy rate for Experiment I and II was 16% and 36.2%, respectively. In Experiment I, pregnancy rate was affected by day of transfer (day 7 or day 8, P<0.05). In Experiment II, pregnancy rate was affected by oestrus type (SSO and SO), feed supplementation (with and without), and body condition score (low and high; P<0.05).

Key words: Cryopreservation, embryo transfer, synchronisation of oestrus, tropic, Zebu cattle.

Chloride Cell in the Gill of White Fish, Rutilus frissi kutum

*Department of Anatomical Science

**Department of Clinical Science
School of Veterinary Medicine
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

***Department of Electron Microscopy
Biotechnology Research Center
University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran

(Received May 12, 2005; accepted March 16, 2006)

Abstract

Saadatfar, V., Shahsavani, D. and Jaafari, M. 2006. Chloride cell in the gill of white fish, Rutilus frissi, kutum. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 153-155.

This study focuses on the structure of chloride cell in white fish (Rutilus frissi kutum), which lives in Caspian sea brackishwater. The cells were located essentially between the lamellae, at the base of lamellae and were mostly at one edge of gill filaments. Their tubular system was dilated . The apical membrane was flat. In some cells, it had large vesicles. On the other hand two types of chloride cells, which were different in size, were detected in preparations of gills. Chloride cells often were interdigitated with neighboring pavement cells and there were junctions between them.

Key words : Chloride cell, filament, gill, fish, white fish, Caspian sea.

Morphology of Lungs of the Porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

D. Ozdemir¹, Z. Ozudogru¹, S. Yilmaz², O. Atalar², M. Karan², G. Dinc²

¹Department of Anatomy
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Ataturk
25700, Erzurum, Turkey

²Department of Anatomy
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Firat
23119, Elazig, Turkey

(Revised received February 6, 2006; accepted March 11, 2006)

Abstract

Ozdemir, D., Ozudogru, Z., Yilmaz, S., Atalar, O., Karan, M. and Dinc, G. 2006. Morphology of lungs of the porcupine (Hystrix cristata). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 29: 157-159.

This study was carried out to investigate the structure of lungs of the porcupines. It was found that pulmo dexter and sinister consisted of five and three lobes, respectively and lobus caudalis was the largest part of both the pulmones. The upper air-conducting airways of the lung were lined by an epithelium characterized by ciliated cells among which were dispersed goblet cells. The alveolar surface was lined by squamous type I pneumocytes and cuboidal type II granular pneumocytes.

Key words: Hystrix cristata, porcupine, epithelium, lung.