Influence of Infectious Bursal Disease and Chicken Anemia Vaccines on the Development of Cellulitis and Myositis Lesions in Cage-Reared Broilers

Chengming Wang^1*, Kenneth S. Macklin², James T. Krehling¹
Robert A. Norton²

¹Department of Pathobiology
²Department of Poultry Science
Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA

(Received November 18, 2004; accepted March 31, 2005)

Abstract

Wang, C., Macklin, K.S., Krehling, J.T. and Norton, R.A. 2005. Influence of infectious bursal disease and chicken anemia vaccines on the development of cellulitis and myositis lesions in cage-reared broilers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 65-69.

The present set of experiments was designed to explore the influence of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) and Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) vaccines on the development of cellulitis and myositis in broiler chickens. On day of hatch, broiler chickens were randomly placed into one of four treatment groups. The control group birds were not vaccinated. In order to induce immunosuppression, chickens were given either IBDV vaccine (group 2) on day 12 or CAV vaccine (group 3) on day 19 or both (group 4). On day 31 all four treatments were challenged with a mixture of Clostridium perfringens, C. septicum and Staphylococcus aureus. Seven days post-challenge all of the birds were euthanized and necropsied. All the vaccinated birds (groups 2, 3 and 4) experienced a significantly higher incidence of cellulitis and myositis lesions. A high frequency of positive antibody titers against IBDV was noted, but the antibody response was lower for CAV. Immunosuppressed chickens have a greater probability of developing cellulitis and/or myositis than non-immunosuppressed chickens.

Key words: Chicken, cellulitis, myositis, infectious bursal disease, chicken anemia virus.

Digestibility of Forage Diets of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginanus, Hays) using Different Ruminal Fluid Inocula

F. Clemente¹, E. Riquelme², G.D. Mendoza^1,3#, R. Bárcena¹,
S. González¹, R. Ricalde³

¹Colegio de Postgraduados, Programa de Ganaderia
Montecillo, México, Km 36.5 Carr. México-Texcoco
Edo. de México, 56230 México

²Universidad de Puerto Rico, Campus Mayagüez

³Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Unidad Xochimilco, 04960 México D.F.

(Received May 20, 2004; accepted January 20, 2005)

Abstract

Clemente, F., Riquelme, E., Mendoza, G.D., Bárcena, R., González, S. and Ricalde, R. 2005. Digestibility of forage diets of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus, Hays) using different ruminal fluid inocula. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 71-76.

Ruminal inocula obtained from goat, cow and feral and captive deer were used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of forages and diets consumed by white tailed deer in a temperate forest in Mexico. No differences (P>0.05) in IVDMD were detected using different inoculum sources. The IVDMD (%) of gramineae component of diet was lower (P<0.05) for deer ruminal fluid (feral 23.0, captive 28.0) than that from domestic ruminants (cow 31.9, goat 31.5). Correlation coefficients results using ruminal fluids from feral deer and domestic ruminants were high (0.97-0.99). The IVDMD of the forage diets varied significantly among plant groups and seasons and was 48% (summer), 32% (fall) and 29% (winter). Ruminal fluid from domestic ruminants can be used to estimate digestibility of forages consumed by feral white tailed deer.

Keywords: Odocoileus virginanus, white-tailed deer, diet, digestibility, in vitro digestibility.

Determination of the Effects of Fish vs Plant vs Meat Protein-based Diets on the Growth and Health of Rainbow Trout

Shah Rahnema, Ron Borton, Eric Shaw

The Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute
Wooster, Ohio 44691-4000, USA

(Received November 18, 2004; accepted June 8, 2005)

Abstract

Rahnema, S., Borton, R. and Shaw, E. 2005. Determination of the effects of fish vs plant vs meat protein-based diets on the growth and health of rainbow trout. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 77-80.

One hundred eight fingerling rainbow trout were used in an experiment to compare feed consumption, growth rate, gain-to-feed efficiency and live and carcass characteristics for rainbow trout receiving diets containing fish meal (FM), plant protein (PP), or feather meal and meat meal (FMMM), based diets. Six trout were housed in an 18" x 18" x 22" cage (18 total cages) and nine of these cages (three per treatment) were placed in each of two 1000-gallon tanks. Fish were fed twice per day all the feed that they would eat within 30 min. Feed consumption and fish weights (by cage) were measured once every other week. At the end of the feeding trial, one fish from each cage was harvested, frozen in water and stored at -25C. The left half of each trout was excised, wrapped in aluminium foil and baked in an oven at 163C for 30 min. The trout were then divided into approximately 1.0 cm³ cubes (about 20 g) and presented to the panel for evaluation of flavour, off flavour, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meat. The right half of each trout was excised and used for laboratory analyses of moisture, fat, ash and protein content. The Ca content of the PP was lower than FM and FMMM diets. Fish consuming the PP diet had consumed less feed (P<0.00) and had a lower average daily gain (P<0.02) than the fish on FM or FMMM diets. Feed-to-gain ratios for PP and FM diets were similar and both were lower (P<0.00) than that of the FMMM diet. There were no differences due to treatment for moisture, fat, crude protein or ash content of the trout. Trout fed the FM diet were juicier and tenderer than the trout fed the PP diet. It is concluded that a meat scrap ration may substitute for the commercial fish meal ration if it is economically available.

Key words: Trout, plant protein, feather meal, meat meal.

Fatty Acid Profiles of Different Tissues in Mature Trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma) from Pulur Creek in Karasu Region, Turkey

H.¤. Halilo™lu^*, A. Bay2r, A.N. Sirkecio™lu, N.M. Aras

Department of Fishery Sciences
Agriculture Faculty
Atatürk University
25240 Erzurum, Turkey

(Revised received September 30, 2004; accepted December 1, 2004 )

Abstract

Halilo™lu, H.¤., Bay2r, A., Sirkecio™lu, A.N. and Aras, N.M. 2005. Fatty acid profile of different tissues in mature trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma) from Pulur Creek in Karasu Region, Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 81-84.

The fatty acid composition of some tissues of wild salmon (Salmo trutta macrostigma Dumeril, 1858), caught from Pulur Creek of Karasu Basin was investigated. The highest total saturated fatty acid content was in gonad and the lowest value was in liver, the difference being significant (P<0.05). On the contrary, the highest n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid was found in liver and lowest in adipose tissue (P<0.05). Monounsaturated fatty acid content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the adipose compared to other tissues. The n3/n6 ratio was highest in muscle.

Key words: Fatty acids, n-PUFA, fish, Salmo trutta macrostigma.

Effect of Age on the Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Turkey Poults

S. Majumdar¹, S.K. Bhanja¹, R.P. Singh², S.K. Agarwal¹

¹Turkey Research Unit
²Post Harvest Technology Division
Central Avian Research Institute
Izatnagar-243 122, India

(Revised received February 21, 2005; accepted May 2, 2005)

Abstract

Majumdar, S., Bhanja, S.K., Singh, R.P. and Agarwal, S.K. 2005. Effect of age on the carcass traits and meat quality of turkey poults. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 85-88.

To study the slaughter age effect on carcass characteristics and meat composition 8 poults from each age group ie. 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 weeks were slaughtered. There was a progressive increase in ready-to-cook (eviscerated carcass including giblets) yield from 71.2% at 6th week to 77.9% at 14th week of age. Bony parts viz. back, neck and wings showed a decline, whereas, thigh part increased with increasing age of birds. Although the breast portion of turkey had higher proportion of meat (80.2%) than thighs (77%) at 6th week of age, the same tended to a progressive decline with a corresponding increase in thigh meat yield during subsequent growing periods. No consistent trends were observed in the meat yields of bony parts such as back, wings and neck. Shear force values of both leg and breast meat progressively increased with increase in age of the poults. It is suggested that turkey poults may be slaughtered from 8 weeks onwards.

Key words: Carcass yield, meat composition, shear force, age, turkey poults.

Nutritive Value of Fresh Swine Excreta for Growing Pelibuey Sheep

J.J. GCantón,^a R. Belmar-Casso,^b C.A. Sandoval-Castro^b

^aCampo Mocochá, INIFAP-SAGAR, Apdo, 4-100, C.P. 97121, Mérida, Yuc., México
^bFac. Med. Vet. y Zoot. Univ. Autónoma Yucatán. Apdo. 4-116. C.P. 97100. Mérida, Yuc., México

(Revised received May 25, 2005; accepted June 6, 2005)

Abstract

GCantón, J.J., Belmar-Casso, R. and Sandoval-Castro, C.A. 2005. Nutritive value of fresh swine excreta
for growing pelibuey sheep. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 89-94.

To study the utilization of fresh swine excreta (FSE) in growing Pelibuey sheep two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, twelve male sheep (20±1.7 kg) were allocated in a randomized block design to four diets containing 0 (D0), 200 (D20), 400 (D40) and 600 (D60) g FSE/kg dry matter (DM). Water and DM intake as well as the digestibility of DM, organic matter (OMD), crude fibre and gross energy (GE) were higher (P<0.05) for the D0 diet, although OMD was similar (P>0.05) for D0 and D60 diets. N balance was similar (P>0.05) for D0, D20 and D60 diets. In the second experiment, rumen fermentation pattern and 48h in situ rumen DM degradation of Cynodon nlemfluensis were studied in four Pelibuey sheep fed similar diets as in experiment 1 in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Plasma urea and NH₃ were higher (P<0.05) in D0 diet, although NH₃ was not different from D60 diet (P>0.05). Total VFA and its molar proportion were similar for all diets. Rumen pH was lower (P<0.05) for the D60 diet. No effect was found on DM degradation, rumen outflow and rumen turnover rates. It was concluded that FSE is a valuable source of nitrogen for sheep and it can be fed up to levels of 600 g/kg DM.

Key words: Fresh swine excreta, Pelibuey sheep, nitrogen, digestibility, rumen fermentation.

Influence of Plant Cover on Dietary Selection by Goats in the Mixteca Region of Oaxaca, Mexico

F.J. Franco¹, G.A. Gómez², G.D. Mendoza^3,4, R. Bárcena³, R. Ricalde⁴,
F. Plata⁴, J. Hernández¹

¹Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
Tecamachalco, Puebla

²Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Córdoba
Departamento de Producción Animal
Campus de Rabanales
Córdoba, España

³Colegio de Postgraduados
Programa de Ganadería, Montecillo
Km 36.5 Carr. México-Texcoco Estado de México
56230 México

⁴Departamento de Producción Agricola y Animal
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco
México

(Received August 20, 2004; accepted December 11, 2004)

Abstract

Franco, F.J., Gómez, G.A., Mendoza, G.D., Bárcena, R., Ricalde, R., Plata, F. and Hernández, J. 2005. Influence of plant cover on dietary selection by goats in the Mixtec Region of Oaxaca, Mexico. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 95-100.

This research was conducted to study grazing time and to determine the relationship between the vegetable cover (arboreal, shrubs) and degree of preference by transhumance goats in six rangelands in the Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Grazing time and number of bites was recorded by direct observation during summer, autumn and winter. Three preference levels of vegetable cover were established. A total of 65 species were selected: 52% had a frequent consumption coinciding with abundance and 48% were occasionally consumed related to low availability. Shrubs were the main plant preferred (57.2%), followed by forbs (40.5%), whereas, trees were the least preferred (2.2%). A positive relationship was observed between the degree of use and species cover in the rangelands (r=0.703, P<0.001). Plant cover, particularly from trees and shrubs, determines the degree of use by goats in the Mixteca rangelands.

Key words: Goat, diet selection, grazing behaviour, plant cover, Mexico.

Relationship Between Kappa-casein Polymorphism and Production Traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein

Memis Özdemir, Ünsal Do—ru

Department of Animal Science
College of Agriculture
Ataturk University
25240, Erzurum, Turkey

(Received April 16, 2004; accepted January 26, 2005)

Abstract

Özdemir, M. and Do—ru, Ü. 2005. Relationship between kappa-casein polymorphism and production traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 101-104.

To study the effect of kappa-casein polymorphism on milk production traits, milk samples from Brown Swiss, Holstein and East Anatolian Red cows were analyzed for kappa-casein, AA, AB and BB variants using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. Differences among breeds studied were not significant on gene variants. Although the effects of kappa-casein phenotypes on fat percentage and 305d fat yield in Brown Swiss and Holstein cows were found to be significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), there was no effect on milk yield, 305d milk yield, lactation period and milk fat yield. This study provides evidence that production and percentage of fat ratio can be maximized by the use of kappa-casein BB genotype and milk production by the use of kappa-casein AB genotype with selective goal in herds and increase in frequency of kappa-casein B genes in herd could contribute to significantly improve yield traits.

Keywords: Kappa-casein, genetic polymorphism, cow, production traits, genetic marker.

Alterations in the Intestinal Mucosal Structure Following Oral Administration of Triiodothyronine (T₃) in Broiler Chickens

M. Teshfam¹, H. Nodeh¹, M. Hassanzadeh²

¹Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology

²Department of Clinical Sciences

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Tehran, Iran

(Revised received November 18, 2004; accepted February 4, 2005)

Abstract

Teshfam, M., Nodeh, H. and Hassanzadeh, M. 2005. Alterations in the intestinal mucosal structure following oral administration of triiodothyronine (T₃) in broiler chickens. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 105-108.

It had been shown that in response to thyroxine administration, some structural changes can occur in the mucosa of the intestine. These changes are specially imposed on the proliferation and differentiation of the intestinal cells. To study this, one hundred and fifty chickens were randomly divided into two equal groups and the diet of one of them was supplemented with 1.5 ppm T₃. At the end of 6th week T₃ administration decreased intestinal villus height in the duodenum and increased the intestinal crypt depth, which seemed to be the sign of increase in cell proliferation. The number of leaf-shaped villi was significantly reduced while that of the tongue-shaped villi significantly increased throughout the intestine in T₃-treated group.

Keywords: Triiodothyronine (T₃), intestine, villus, crypt, chicken.

Combination of Fan Ventilation System and Spraying of Oil-Water Mixture on the Levels of Dust and Gases in Caged Layer Facilities in Eastern Turkey

Bahar Kocaman¹, A. Vahap Yaganoglu¹, Mete Yanar²

¹Department of Agricultural Engineering

²Department of Animal Sciences

College of Agriculture
Atatürk University
25240, Erzurum, Turkey

(Received April 16, 2004; accepted March 27, 2005)

Abstract

Kocaman, B., Yaganoglu, A.V. and Yanar, M. 2005. Combination of fan ventilation system and spraying of oil-water mixture on the levels of dust and gases in caged layer facilities in Eastern Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 109-111.

To reduce harmful gases such as CO₂, NH₃ and H₂S and dust in caged layer houses in Eastern Turkey, spraying of sunflower oil-water mixture and fan ventilation were investigated. It is demonstrated that these treatments together may improve air of the caged layer houses.

Key words: Caged layer houses, dust, gases, oil-water application, ventilation.

Lifetime Reproductive Performance of Goats as a Function of Growth Traits and Reproductive Performance Early in Life

M. Mellado^*, J. Mellado, J.E. García, R. López

Department of Nutrition and Feeds
University Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro
Saltillo, Coah. 25315, México

(Received September 28, 2004; accepted May 10, 2005)

Abstract

Mellado, M., Mellado, J., García, J.E. and López, R. 2005. Lifetime reproductive performance of goats as a function of growth traits and reproductive performance early in life. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 113-116.

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the association between reproductive performance of 476 dairy goats in their first reproductive cycle with reproductive efficiency late in their life. Does with an initially high body weight at birth (>3.2 kg) subsequently produced litters that were 6% larger than does with <2.7 kg at birth. Does with the higher weight gains as kids, had litters that were 8 and 15% heavier at birth and at 25 d of age throughout adult life than goats with the lowest gains during the first month of life. Does that gave birth to multiples in their first reproductive cycle subsequently had 10% more (P<0.01) average kids per doe joined, and 8% more (P<0.01) litter weight at birth/doe joined than does that had single kids at their first reproductive opportunity. It was concluded that managing for optimum doe weight as kids and strict culling of does with lighter litters at birth or at 25 d of age during their first kidding seems to be a practical option to improve lifetime reproductive performance in dairy goats without nutritional restrictions.

Key words: Litter weight, litter size, birth weight, fertility, reproductive rate, goat.

A Comparison of Different Selection Indices for Genetic Improvement of Some Dairy Milk Traits in Holstein Friesian Cows in Turkey

Hulya Atil¹, Adel Salah Khattab², Yakut Gevrekci¹

¹Department of Animal Sciences

Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University
Turkey

²Department of Animal Production

Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University
Egypt

(Received June 5, 2004; accepted March 10, 2005)

Abstract

Atil, H., Khattab, A.S. and Gevrekci, Y. 2005. A comparison of different selection indices for genetic improvement of some dairy milk traits in Holstein Friesian cows in Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 117-120.

A total of 1680 first lactation records of Holstein Friesian cows sired by 206 bulls maintained at five herds in Turkey were used to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters for 305 day milk yield (305 dMY), lactation period (LP) and age at first calving (AFC). Data were analysed using Multiple Trait Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (MTDFREML). The model included the fixed effects of herd, season and year of calving and parity, AFC as a covariate and individual and residual as random effects. Genetic correlations between 305 dMY and AFC; and LP and AFC were 0.90 and -0.95, respectively. Phenotypic correlations among all traits studied were generally similar to the corresponding genetic correlations. Index I₁ incorporating 305 dMY, LP and AFC was the best (RIH=0.75). It is recommended that selection should be exercised at the end of the first lactation.

Key words: Selection index, milk traits, Holstein Friesian, Turkey.

Changes of Heart Glycoconjugates by Noise Stress in Mouse as an Experimental Model

M.Z. Monsefi¹, T. Talaei²

¹Department of Biology, School of Science
²Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine
University of Medical Sciences
Shiraz University
Shiraz, Iran

(Received June 30, 2004; accepted January 20, 2005)

Abstract

Monsefi, M.Z. and Talaei, T. 2005. Changes of heart glycoconjugates by noise stress in mouse as an experimental model. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 121-124.

To determine if glycoconjugates of a developing heart would change after noise exposure, forty-eight pregnant mice were exposed to the noise (100 dB) for 150 minutes per day from 2nd day of gestation to 7th day after birth. The new borns were sacrificed at deep anesthesia at the first, 7th and 14th days of their lives and their hearts were removed and stained with lectins (BSA₁-B₄, DBA, PNA and WGA). The mice with the same ages were also elected as control group. No histological changes were observed by light microscope, but some changes were noticed in the intensity of the reactions only to BSA₁-B₄ in endocardium, myocardium and pericardium of one and seven days old mice. This may be related to the increase in expression of galactose containing glycoconjugates when exposed to noise and these alterations in carbohydrates may lead to physiological malfunction during their life.

Keywords: Heart, glycoconjugates, lectin, noise.

Some Factors Affecting Milk Production and Post Partum Body Weight of Fat-Tailed Norduz Ewes in Turkey

Mehmet Bingöl^*, Turgut Aygün, Özdal Gökdal¹, Ayhan Y2lmaz

Department of Animal Sciences
Agricultural Faculty
Yüzüncü Y2l University
Van-Turkey

(Received August 7, 2004; accepted May 7, 2005)

Abstract

Bingöl, M., Aygün, T., Gökdal, Ö. and Y2lmaz, A. 2005. Some factors affecting milk production and post partum body weight of fat-tailed Norduz ewes in Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 125-127.

This study was conducted to determine some traits of milk production and post partum body weights of Norduz ewes in Van-Norduz provinces. Overall means for lactation period, lactation milk production and post partum body weight were 174 days, 178 liters and 58 kg, respectively. Only post partum body weight was affected (P<0.05) by age of ewe or parturition type. The Norduz ewe has been recommended for milk production.

Key words: Milk production, lactation period, body weight, post partum, ewe, Norduz.